skin irritation

Mechanisms Driving Inflammation in Psoriasis

The Role of IL-22/PLCε Signaling in Psoriasis The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis, which primarily functions as a protective mechanical barrier preventing the entry of harmful pathogens. The epidermis is predominantly composed of keratinocytes, but also contains other cell types like melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and inflammatory cells. Psoriasis is a…
retinopathy

The Role of Monocytes in Diabetic Retinopathy Pathogenesis

Peripheral blood cells are the circulating cellular components of blood consisting of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. White blood cells make up ~1% of all blood cells and each subpopulation has a specialized role in the immune system to safeguard against infection and injury. Monocytes, characterized by the expression of the CD14 cell surface receptor are bone marrow-derived…
viral infection in the respiratory system

Coronavirus, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Research

The Respiratory Epithelium and Viral Infection There is no time like the present, while the world is fighting the virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), to appreciate the deadly effects of respiratory viruses. Respiratory viruses like influenza and coronaviruses infect the epithelium of the airway, which lines the inner surface of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and…
Cholesterol plaque in blood vessel

Prosthetic Vascular Graft Technology Improvement Research

Endothelial Cells and Peripheral Arterial Disease Endothelial cells comprise the innermost later of blood vessels, forming a barrier between the circulating blood and the tissues of the body. In particular, endothelial cells participate in extensive crosstalk with the blood to maintain vascular homeostasis. Endothelial cells are particularly important in cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis occurs…
Face made out of bricks

Melanocytes, Dermal Fibroblasts, and Keratinocytes – Protectors to the External World

The Skin: A Multi-Cellular Barrier to the External World The skin is a multi-layered organ that covers the entire body and protects us from the external environment. The outermost layer, the epidermis, is largely composed of keratinocytes, which proliferate in the lower epidermis and migrate out, becoming post-mitotic and losing their nuclei, eventually becoming corneocytes.…
virus in the lungs

Airway Epithelium: Advances in Cell Culture Techniques Help Mimic this Complex Environment

The Airway Epithelium and Air-Liquid Interface Culture A single later of epithelial cells lines many of our internal organs, including the airway. The airway epithelium is composed of multiple differentiated cell types that form a barrier against pathogens and irritants that are inhaled from the environment. Ciliated cells are so named for the hair-like projections…